Delay in diagnosis of oral cancer: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Oral cancer represents a worldwide public health problem, being among the most prevalent, associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. This systematic review aimed to review the causes of the delayed diagnosis of oral cancer mainly in the elderly, in developed and developing countries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Search strategy was developed for MEDLINE databases (via PubMed), EMBASE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and LILACS and for grey literature (Google Scholar, ProQuest and OpenGrey), without language or period restrictions. The risk of bias was assessed using instruments from the Joanna Briggs Institute and the quality of evidence according to the GRADE system. RESULTS: The search resulted in 14,473 records, of which only 13 met the eligibility criteria. The total sample was 1,705 participants, with a predominance of males. All studies included reported causes of delayed diagnosis of oral cancer related to the patient and five also reported causes related to health professionals. The scarce knowledge of the population was pointed out as the main cause of delayed diagnosis of this cancer. Regarding the risk of bias, ten studies were classified as low risk and three, as moderate risk. The quality of the evidence was very low for the outcome related to delayed diagnosis of oral cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Wide dissemination of information on oral cancer is needed, especially for the elderly, such as its initial signs and symptoms, in developed and developing countries. Further studies should be conducted to better understand the causes of delayed diagnosis of oral cancer in countries with different socioeconomic statuses.

Physiological and hematological parameters of sheep reared in the tropics and subtropics / [Parâmetros fisiológicos e hematológicos de ovinos criados nos trópicos e nos subtrópicos]

This study aimed to determine the physiological and hematological parameters of sheep in Brazil. Therefore, 5,081 observations were used from previous experiments with animals from different Brazilian regions with the time of day, gender, breed, age, physiological characteristics, hematological and climatic variables. The animals were classified according to their stress level, and only data of non-stressed animals were used to calculate the reference values. Respiratory rate was the parameter that most differed from the normal range, with values ​​above the limits usually reported for the species, being higher in commercial wool sheep. For hematological variables, differences were observed between the present results and the previously reported values in the literature. A higher number of red blood cells (RBC), lower hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were observed in young animals. A higher number of RBC and MCHC were noted in sheep crossed with local breeds. Considering that physiological and hematological parameters are indicators of the animal's pathological or physiological state, for a correct interpretation of the results, the use of reference values based on animals with similar racial characteristics and subjected to similar environmental conditions is recommended.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar parâmetros fisiológicos e hematológicos de ovinos no Brasil. Portanto, foram utilizadas 5.081 observações de experimentos anteriores com animais de diversas regiões do Brasil, com diferentes horário, sexo, raça, idade, características fisiológicas, variáveis ​​hematológicas e climáticas. Os animais foram classificados de acordo com o nível de estresse, e apenas os dados dos animais não estressados ​​foram utilizados para o cálculo dos valores de referência. A frequência respiratória foi o parâmetro que mais diferiu em relação à normalidade, com valores acima dos limites usualmente relatados para a espécie, sendo maior em ovinos de lã comercial. Para as variáveis ​​hematológicas, também foram verificadas diferenças entre os resultados observados e os valores previamente relatados na literatura. Maior número de hemácias, menor hemoglobina e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHbCM) foram observados em animais jovens e maior número de hemácias e CHbCM em ovinos cruzados com raças locais. Considerando que os parâmetros fisiológicos e hematológicos são indicadores do estado patológico ou fisiológico do animal, para uma correta interpretação dos resultados recomenda-se a utilização de valores de referência baseados em animais com características raciais semelhantes e submetidos a condições ambientais também semelhantes.(AU)

Lipoxin A4 inhibits UV radiation-induced skin inflammation and oxidative stress in mice.

BACKGROUND: Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) is a metabolic product of arachidonic acid. Despite potent anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution activities, it remains to be determined if LXA4 has effect on ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced skin inflammation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of systemic administration with LXA4 on UV radiation-induced inflammation and oxidative damage in the skin of mice. METHODS: Varied parameters of inflammation and oxidative stress in the skin of mice were evaluated after UV radiation (4.14 J/cm2). RESULTS: Pretreatment with LXA4 significantly inhibited UV radiation-induced skin edema and myeloperoxidase activity. LXA4 efficacy was enhanced by increasing the time of pre-treatment to up to 72 h. LXA4 reduced UV radiation-induced skin edema, neutrophil recruitment (myeloperoxidase activity and LysM-eGFP+ cells), MMP-9 activity, deposition of collagen fibers, epidermal thickness, sunburn cell counts, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6 and IL-33). Depending on the time point, LXA4 increased the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-ß and IL-10). LXA4 significantly attenuated UV radiation-induced oxidative damage returning the oxidative status to baseline levels in parameters such as ferric reducing ability, scavenging of free radicals, GSH levels, catalase activity and superoxide anion production. LXA4 also reduced UV radiation-induced gp91phox [nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (NOX2) subunit] mRNA expression and enhanced nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream target enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) quinone oxidoreductase (Nqo1) mRNA expression. CONCLUSION: LXA4 inhibited UV radiation-induced skin inflammation by diminishing pro-inflammatory cytokine production and oxidative stress as well as inducing anti-inflammatory cytokines and Nrf2.

Study on environmental indices and heat tolerance tests in hair sheep.

The ability to predict the effects of climatic factors on animals and their adaptability is important for livestock production. The aim of the present study was to analyze whether existing indices are suitable for evaluating heat stress in Santa Ines and Morada Nova sheep, which are locally adapted hair sheep breeds from northeastern Brazil, and if the limits used to classify thermal stress are suitable for these breeds. Therefore, climatic, physiological, and physical parameters, as well as thermographic images, were collected in 26 sheep, 1 1/2 years old, from two genetic groups (Santa Ines 12 males and 4 females; Morada Nov. 7 males and 3 females) for 3 days in both morning (4:00 a.m.) and afternoon (2:00 p.m.) with six repetitions, totalizing 156 repetitions. Statistical analysis included correlations and broken-line regressions. Iberia and Benezra indices were the tolerance tests that best correlated with the assessed parameters. High correlations between environmental indices and rectal or skin surface temperatures was observed, which indicates that these indices can be used for Santa Ines and Morada Nova sheep raised in central Brazil. However, some indicative values of thermal discomfort are different from the existing classification. Therefore, in order to classify appropriately, the model used needs to be carefully studied, because these classifying values can vary according to the species and model. Further research is necessary to establish indicators of thermal stress for sheep breeds raised in the region.

An analysis of the 1978 African swine fever outbreak in Brazil and its eradication.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the African swine fever (ASF) outbreak that began in 1978 in Paracambi municipality, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, and the steps taken by the Brazilian authorities to eradicate the disease. The presence of ASF in the country was confirmed by isolating the virus, and its pathogenicity was certified by the laboratory of the Plum Island Disease Center, New York, United States. Even before the laboratory results became available, the Brazilian Agriculture Ministry declared an Animal Health Emergency, in which the official Veterinary Services adopted rapid control measures to restrain and eradicate the disease. These control measures contributed to the reorganisation of the national swine industry and stimulated the use of high-technology production techniques, as well as an improvement in herd health consciousness. All this contributed to Brazil becoming the largest meat exporter in the world.

Infection by Mycoplasma agalactiae in dairy goat herds in the microregions of Cariri in Paraíba State, Brazil / Infecção por Mycoplasma agalactiae em rebanhos caprinos leiteiros nas microrregiões do Cariri na Paraíba

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a ocorrência de Mycoplasma agalactiae, com o uso da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), em 30 rebanhos caprinos leiteiros nas microrregiões do Cariri Ocidental e Oriental do estado da Paraíba. Das 120 amostras de leite testadas, nove (7,5 por cento) apresentaram amplificação de apenas um fragmento com 360pb. As amostras que amplificaram este fragmento estavam presentes em 6/30 (20 por cento) fazendas localizadas nos municípios de Amparo, Santo André e Gurjão.

Avaliação de uma metodologia profilática contra a mastite clínica em ovelhas da raça Santa Inês / Evaluation of a prophylactic method against clinical mastitis in Santa Inês ewes

Mastitis is an important problem for the Santa Inês ewes and is a disease strongly related to the management carried out in the herd. A comparative study was carried out between the proposed method based on drying (treatment) and the traditional method (control). Sixty-two Santa Inês ewes raised in a semi-extensive system were divided in two groups of 31 ewes each: treatment group (G1) and control group (G2). The animals were monitored each week searching for clinical sings of mastitis. In 8.4 percent of G1 and 41.3 percent of G2 animals, the udder was warm and hyperemic. The presence of residual milk was lower in G1 (24.3 percent) compared to those of G2 (74.2 percent). The proposed treatment for the control of ovine mastitis significantly reduced the frequency of the clinical signs of the disease.

Perfil sanitário e zootécnico de rebanhos caprinos nas microrregiões do Cariri paraibano / Sanitary profile of goat flocks in Cariri micro regions, Paraiba State, Brazil

This work was performed in 60 goat farms located in 15 counties of the micro regions of Western and Eastern Cariri, in Paraiba, to describe and analyze the sanitary profile of the flocks. Visits were done and the answers, obtained from questionnaires that were applied to the farmers, were used. It was observed a mortality of 20 percent in young animals in 80 percent of the farms. The presence of technical assistance in 93.3 percent in the studied farms, adoption of prophylactic calendar in 85 percent and parasitic control in 83.3 percent of the flocks were also observed

Infecção pelo vírus da artrite encefalite caprina no Rio Grande do Norte / Infection by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in Rio Grande do Norte State

Estudaram-se a ocorrência e os fatores predisponentes à artrite encefalite caprina (CAEV) no Rio Grande do Norte. O questionário epidemiológico aplicado a 42 proprietários de 11 municípios produtores de leite avaliou o grau de instrução escolar do proprietário, a origem dos animais, o tipo de criação, as enfermidades mais freqüentes e o manejo sanitário, em geral, bem como as taxas de morbidade e mortalidade. Prevalência de 11 % de infecção pelo CAEV foi observada nos rebanhos, com animais soropositivos em todos os municípios pesquisados. As condições de criação mostraram que há fatores que predispõem à introdução ou disseminação da doença na região estudada.

Infection by Neospora caninum associated with bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine viral diarrhea virus in cattle from Minas Gerais State, Brazil.

Neospora caninum is a canine parasite which is considered a significant cause of bovine abortion. Two cattle herd groups were serologically studied with the objective of studying the prevalence of infection by N. caninum associated with BHV1 and BVDV infections. In group I, 15 dairy herds (476 samples) naturally infected by the three infectious agents were analyzed,. In group II, three dairy herds (100 samples) of cows vaccinated for two viruses were analyzed, in order to determine the infection prevalence by N. caninum. In the first group, an infection prevalence of 12.61, 34 and 28.3% was determined for N. caninum BHV1 and BVDV, respectively. In the second group, a seropositive prevalence of 46, 85 and 76%, respectively, was determined for N. caninum, BVH1 and BVDV. In the first group, the virus and N. caninum had shown in the first group 4.41% positive samples in association with BVH1, 3.15% with BVDV, and 8.41% with BVH1 and BVDV.

Distribuiçäo de anticorpos para herpesvírus bovino 1 em rebanhos bovinos / Distribution of antibodies to bovine herpesvirus 1 in cattle herds

A distribuiçäo de anticorpos neutralizantes para o herpesvirus bovino 1 (HVB 1) foi estudada em quatro faixas etárias de bovinos, em 21 rebanhos de leite e de corte. Os resultados da sorologia foram analisados e relacionados com as respostas de questionários aplicados aos responsáveis pelos rebanhos. As taxas de freqüência de anticorpos neutralizantes para o HVB 1 foram comparadas segundo a aptidäo e a faixa etária. Fatores como tipo de manejo e idade dos animais influenciaram na distribuiçäo de anticorpos para o HVB 1

Serological surveillance on South American wild canids for Neospora caninum

Esse trabalho objetivou pesquisar anticorpos para Neospora caninum em amostras de soro de canídeos silvestres sul-americanos pela técnica de imunofluorescência indireta (IFI). As amostras foram coletadas de 48 lobos-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus), provenientes de zoológicos e de vida livre e de dois cachorros-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous). Anticorpos para N. caninum não foram detectados nas amostras testadas.

Serological surveillance on South American wild canids for Neospora caninum

Esse trabalho objetivou pesquisar anticorpos para Neospora caninum em amostras de soro de canídeos silvestres sul-americanos pela técnica de imunofluorescência indireta (IFI). As amostras foram coletadas de 48 lobos-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus), provenientes de zoológicos e de vida livre e de dois cachorros-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous). Anticorpos para N. caninum näo foram detectados nas amostras testadas

Serological surveillance on South American wild canids for Neospora caninum

Esse trabalho objetivou pesquisar anticorpos para Neospora caninum em amostras de soro de canídeos silvestres sul-americanos pela técnica de imunofluorescência indireta (IFI). As amostras foram coletadas de 48 lobos-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus), provenientes de zoológicos e de vida livre e de dois cachorros-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous). Anticorpos para N. caninum não foram detectados nas amostras testadas.

Anticorpos contra o vírus da língua azul em bovinos do sertäo da Paraíba / Antibodies to bluetongue virus in bovines of Paraíba State, Brazil

In June of 1997 the prevalence of antibodies to bluetongue virus was between 3.94 and 4.82 per cent in 137 bovine serum samples from 12 herds in Paraíba State, Brazil. This is the first report of antibodies to bluetongue virus in Paraiba State herds

Review of failed implant cases.

Five Failed implant cases were presented and gained the following; 1) The use of computed tomography is recommended for treatment planning such as to ascertain the three-dimensional position of the mandibular canal, maxillary sinus and nasal floor, and also to decide the diameter, length and inclination of the implant placement. 2) The implant should be located for enough from mental foramen, mandibular canal, maxillary sinus and nasal floor. 3) The use of surgical stent is recommended for accurate drilling of the implant site. 4) Adequate number of implants and strategic arrangement of implants are required to equally distribute stress. 5) An implant abutment which is connected to natural teeth will be affected by the difference of micromobility of the natural teeth and the trouble of abutment of prosthesis.

Induçäo com flunitrazepam e fentanil em cirurgia cardíaca / Flunitrazepan and fentanyl induction in cardiac surgery

Os autores estudaram 100 pacientes, cujas idades variaram de 16 a 77 anos, que foram submetidos a cirurgia cardíaca em circulaçäo extracorpórea, onde se empregaram flunitrazepam e fentanil como agentes de induçäo anestésica. a induçäo consistiu de flunitrazepam (0,06 mg.Kg-1), brometo de pancurônio (0,1 mg.Kg-1 e fentanil (50 microng.Kg-1) por via venosa, seguida de oxigenaçäo durante 6 min, após o que eram feitas a laringoscopia e a intubaçäo orotraqueal. Todos os vitais foram monitorizados continuamente, e näo foi observada nenhuma alteraçäo hemodinâmica significativa na totalidade dos casos